The Meaning and Value of a Teddy Bear - 721 Words

I need you, you need me Imagine a child hugging a small bear tightly. The bear smiles at the child softly and the child smiles back at the bear with peace in his heart. This is an iconic image of a bear doll named teddy bear. Teddy bear is a symbol of innocent that protects children from fear and makes children to have good-night-sleep. Teddy Bears have been hogging loves from kids all over the world for a long time. Sometimes they are great companions when children are traveling their dream lands, sometimes they are warriors that save kids from nightmare and sometimes they come to lives when kids open their limitless imagination land. People’s love toward the teddy bear don’t stop even after they become adults There are tremendous number of toys these days, but this small bear doll with soft fur that was named after one of most popular American president Theodore Roosevelt has been a one of most popular doll for long time. Then how come this teddy bear became so popular? Why do people love te ddy bear so much? What is that thing about teddy bear that brings a smile to your face? How come this super analogue doll can still be so popular in the world of advanced technology? Why do people put so much values over its original price? After all, real bear is one of the scariest animal on this planet. Teddy bears are the symbol of innocence you had when you were a kid. Every time we see teddy bear, that little child inside us wakes up and remind of us when we were being raised inShow MoreRelatedCase Analysis : Vermont Teddy Bear Essay1272 Words   |  6 Pagesto information and Technology in Vermont Teddy Bear (VTB). Vermont Teddy Bear was founded in 1981 by John Sarinto. John used to sell teddy bears by moving from one place to another carry them on his cart (Thomas, Wheelen Hunger, 2006). The work was tiresome and he faced a stiff competition from other business people who were also selling teddy bears. During his start of the business, he discovered how the American culture treasured the use of teddy bears which encouraged him more and more to continueRead MoreTransitional Objects Of A Child1300 Words   |  6 Pagesthe infant, and it may destroy the value and meaning of the object to the baby. This phenomenon begins at the age of four to twelve months. In some cases, the m other of the baby becomes the transitional object (Winnicott, 1953). My younger sister s transitional object was a teddy bear that she carries around all the time. My mother had to carry the teddy bear when traveling even though it used to be dirty. If my mother would attempt to take the teddy bear away from my sister she would instantlyRead MoreMy Ideal Friend1567 Words   |  7 Pagesanyone else finding out. Last, but surely not least, the shared joy that I receive with a friend makes the friendship worthwhile.    Even as a child, I was able to separate real friends from not so real ones, so therefore I learned very quickly to value dependability in a friend.   Every October 31st, on Halloween, a friend named Shana and I went trick-or-treating. We never missed a year up until about the age of eleven. On one particular Halloween, my mother was sick. She had recently Grant 2 beenRead MoreThe Use Of Juvenile Symbols Produced For Nurses And Nurses2632 Words   |  11 PagesJuvenalia Problem†, this is an issue that involves the use of juvenile symbols produced for nurses and by nurses. Juvenalia literally means works produced by a young person. The issue of this arise in instances where grade-school hospital decorations, teddy bears, colorful scrubs, and juvenile images in advertisements cause people to underestimate the hard work that goes into nursing. Nurses want to be taken serious but when they associate with certain symbols in the professional setting it comes off asRead MoreThe Correlation Between Looking Preferences And Reaching Essay1803 Words   |  8 Pagesdistractions, all toys, drawings, and other materials normally kept in the room were also isolated for the same reason. This study involved two observations. The first observation was to determine the preferred color of toy from the toys provided (teddy bears). Each toy was presented separately at a distance close to, but just out of the reach of the infant for 3 minutes in the order of: red toy, blue toy, green toy, and the behaviors of the infant in the form of smiling, widening eyes, opening mouthRead MoreStrategy Integration - Vermont Teddy Bear7515 Words   |  31 Pages © 2008 Richard E Murphy Case Study The Vermont Teddy Bear Co., Inc Challenges Facing a New CEO Submitted 26 April 2008, by Andrea de la Peà ±a, Paul Horan, Cindy Jaynes, Christian Larson, Richard Murphy  © 2008 Richard E Murphy Table of Contents Executive Summary .................................................................................................................... Introduction ............................................................................................Read MoreWinnie The Pooh By Winnie Pooh1680 Words   |  7 Pagesgentle appeal of a soft, simple bear and his group of eclectic friends has captured the hearts of millions. However, in the search to make Pooh more marketable, drastic changes have been made to the original text in order to appeal to a wider audience. In my research, I will explore how the commercialization of Winnie-the-Pooh affected the original text, both in its meaning and sentimental value. Winnie the Pooh has not always been the stylized, bright yellow bear that we now see plastered on countlessRead MoreSpecialty Toys Case 121212451556 Words   |  7 Pages10000)=0.025 NORM.S.INV(0.025)=-1.96 NORM.S.INV(0.975)=1.96 Z-score of 10000 =-1.96 Z-score of 30000=1.96 ÏÆ' = (30000-20000)/1.96 =10000/1.96 = 5102 Standard Deviation of 5102 The graph above shows the distribution for the demand for the Weather Teddy Bear using Specialty Toys’ forecasts based off of sales histories for similar products. This forecast predicts that this toy will have a demand of 20,000 units. However, the forecasts also predict that the probability of selling between 10,000 to 30Read MoreOutline the Ways in Which Rubbish Can Be Said to Have Value in a Consumer Society1674 Words   |  7 PagesPLAN: Outline the ways in which rubbish can be said to have value in a consumer society Introduction: Paragraph one – Consumer Society,Mass consumption and Recycling: Explain a definition for consumer society and explain how Mass consumption has evolved. With the increase explain how it has led to a massive increase in the household and business waste Paragraph two – Thompson’s Theory, Economic value and Aesthetic Value: Explain Thompson’s theory and illustrate it by using the stevengraphsRead More Harold Pinter Essays3305 Words   |  14 PagesHe has also composed a number of radio plays and several volumes of poetry. His screenplays include The French Lieutenants Woman, The Last Tycoon, and The Handmaids Tale. He has received numerous awards including the Berlin Film Festival Silver Bear, BAFTA awards, the Hamburg Shakespeare Prize, the Cannes Film Festival Palme dOr and the Commonwealth Award. Harold Pinter was born on October 10, 1930 in Hackney, East London. He was the sole child of Jack Pinter and Frances Franklin. His father

Job Analysis - 4470 Words

Job Analysis Multiple Choice 1. _____ is the procedures through which one determines the duties associated with positions and the characteristics of people to hire for those positions. a. Job description b. Job specification c. Job analysis d. Job context e. None of the above (c; easy; p. 112) 2. The information resulting from job analysis is used for writing _____. a. job descriptions b. work activities c. work aids d. job context e. performance standards (a; easy; p. 112) 3. Which of the following types of information can be collected via a job analysis? a. work activities b. human behaviors c. performance standards d. job context e. all of the above (e; moderate; p. 112) 4. Information regarding job demands such as lifting weights†¦show more content†¦The fourth step in conducting a job analysis is _____. a. deciding how to use the information b. reviewing relevant background information c. selecting representative positions d. collecting data on job activities e. developing a job description and job specification (d; moderate; p. 114) 18. Verifying the job analysis information with the worker performing the job and with his or her immediate supervisor is the _____ step in the job analysis process. a. first b. second c. third d. fourth e. fifth (e; moderate; p. 114) 19. The fifth step in conducting a job analysis is _____. a. deciding how to use the information b. reviewing relevant background information c. verifying the job analysis information d. collecting data on job activities e. developing a job description and job specification (c; moderate; p. 114) 20. Developing a job description and job specification is the _____ step in the job analysis process. a. second b. third c. fourth d. fifth e. sixth (e; moderate; p. 114) 21. The final step in conducting a job analysis is _____. a. deciding how to use the information b. reviewing relevant background information c. selecting representative positions d. collecting data on job activities e. developing a job description and job specification (e; moderate; p. 114) 22. A(n) _____ shows the flow of inputs to and outputs from the job being analyzed. a. organization chart b. process chart c. value chain d. job preview e. job description (b; moderate; p. 114) 23.Show MoreRelatedJob Analysis2347 Words   |  10 PagesJOB ANALYSIS Job analysis is the process of collecting, analyzing, and setting out information about the content of jobs and the related qualifications necessary for one to perform them. The process involves use of methods and procedures to determine the duties, responsibilities, working conditions, working relationships, and required qualifications. Job analysis produces the following information about a job: 1 Overall purpose: Why the job exists and, in essence, what the holder is expectedRead MoreJob Analysis13751 Words   |  56 PagesPERSONNEL ASSESSMENT SPECIALIST JOB ANALYSIS: INTERPRETATION AND USE REPORT Prepared by the IPMAAC Ad Hoc Committee on Use of the Personnel Assessment Specialist Job Analysis: Donna L. Denning, Ph.D., Chair Nancy E. Abra ms, Ph.D. Marianne Bays, Ph.D. International Personnel Management Association Assessment Council 1995 TABLE OF CONTENTS Personnel Assessment Specialist Job Analysis: Interpretation and Use Report Abstract 2 Introduction and Background Task Analysis Task Inventory DevelopmentRead MoreJob Analysis Paper1427 Words   |  6 PagesJob Analysis Paper PSY 435 Job Analysis Paper The reason for job analysis is to study and evaluate the things that a job is supposed to involve. This is describing exactly what skills are needed to perform the job, and what the exact qualifications are to fill the position. Job analysis is a method needed when the employee need to know the precise function. An example would be that an employee’s duties should be clearly statedRead MoreJob Analysis For The Hr Manager Position1203 Words   |  5 Pagesspecific job analysis procedure that I would utilize to develop the job description for the HR manager position. To begin, the definition of a job analysis provided in our textbook is: â€Å"Job analysis is the systematic process of collecting information that identifies similarities and differences in the work.† (Milkovich, Newman, Gerhart, 2014, p. 103). I also found a definition on HR-Guide.com that summarize an important description of the job analysis. The website states; â€Å"Job Analysis is a processRead More Human Resource Planning and Job Analysis2980 Words   |  12 Pages Faculty of Business Management Human Resource Management (BC 15-2) Human Resource Planning and Job Analysis Human Resource Planning and Job Analysis are one of most important aspect that an organization either national or international company looks it in details in achieving its objective. In my essay I am going to give the definitions of Human Resource Planning (HRP) and Job Analysis (JA); the method and steps to use HRP and JA, the importance and the berries of using HRP and JA. PizzaRead MoreJob Analysis For A Job960 Words   |  4 PagesJob analysis forms the basis for most human resources approaches to employment practice. Employment practices sometimes result inappropriate for some companies and it can create chaos for the managers if those are not implementing properly. To avoid complications into the organisation all matters related with staff must be handle by human resources department and supervised closely by mangers to make the best decision. (Brannick, M., Levine, E., Morgeson, F., Brannick, M. 2007) Organizations takeRead MoreJob Analysis1039 Words   |  5 PagesWhat is a job analysis? A job analysis figures out what a person does in there line of work. It unveils the Knowledge, Skills and Abilities required to perform their job successfully. Job analysis gives purpose and outcome to the job. It defines the job role in relation to other jobs in the organization. Through job analysis you obtain all necessary job data in the organization. Job analysis is a process of job data collection through one or multiple methods. One method is continuous observationRead MoreJob Analysis of Fom1755 Words   |  8 PagesJob Profile The Front Office in a hotel is most noticeable department and the front desk occupies a high-flying place at the lobby in every hotel in world. The front office is a single point of contact to guest and that makes the staff to be structured, courteous, well-behaved and proficient. This makes front office a nerve center where communications and accounting operations are major role of a front desk management. This department is lead by a Front Office Manager. A person to leadRead MoreHR Contribution to job analysis1580 Words   |  7 Pagesprocess of job analysis Introduction This report aims to explain the purpose and principles of job analysis and the reasoning behind it. The report will describe the methods used and explore the advantages and disadvantages of these methods. It will give details of a job analysis plan and how it was carried out. It is good practice to carry out a job analysis to contribute to the recruitment for the right candidate for the role also for evaluating and determining the value of the job to the companyRead MoreJob Analysis at Comptech Essay1272 Words   |  6 PagesWhat are the current job specifications for the store manager job? Based on the information you have (or could have), how would you assess the validity of these specifications? What approaches would you use? The current job specifications for the store manager position that is required, by most district managers, at CompTech is that the candidate being considered should have a MBA or at minimum three years’ experience as store manager. CompTech’s strategic objective is to meet customer requirements

The Hero And The Crown Part One Chapter 7 Free Essays

string(95) " looked at her face and then at Tor’s, and then back at Aerin’s, and said nothing\." ON HER EIGHTEENTH BIRTHDAY there was a banquet for the first sol, despite all she could do to prevent it. Galanna shot her glances like poisoned arrows and clung curiously near Tor’s side for someone else’s wife of so few seasons. Perlith made witty remarks at Aerin’s expense in his soft light tenor that always sounded kind, whatever he might be saying. We will write a custom essay sample on The Hero And The Crown Part One Chapter 7 or any similar topic only for you Order Now The king her father toasted her, and the faces around the tables in the great hall glittered with smiles; but Aerin looked at them sadly and saw only the baring of teeth. Tor watched her: she was wearing a golden tunic over a long red skirt; the tunic had embroidered flowers wound round its hem, and petals of many colors stitched drifting down the full sleeves; she wore the same two rings she had at Galanna’s wedding. Her flame-colored hair was twisted around her head, and a golden circlet was set upon it, and over her forehead three golden birds held green stones in their beaks. He saw her wince away from the courtiers’ smiles, and he shook Galanna’s hand from his arm impatiently, and then Galanna no longer even pretended to smile. Aerin did not notice this, for she never looked at Galanna if she could help it, and if Galanna were near Tor she didn’t look at Tor either. But Arlbeth noticed. He knew what it was that he saw, for better or for worse, and it was not often that he did not know what was best done about the things he saw; but in this case he did not know. What he read in Tor’s face tore at his heart, for it would be his heart’s fondest wish that these two might wed, and yet he knew his people had never loved the daughter of his second wife, and he feared their mistrust, and he had reason to fear it. Aerin felt her father’s arm around her shoulders, and turned to smile up at him. After the banquet she went to sit in her window seat, staring into the dark courtyard; the torches around its perimeter left great pools of shadow near the castle walls. Her bedroom was dark as well, and Teka had not yet come to be sure she had hung her good clothes up as she should instead of leaving them on the floor where she would step on them. There was a light knock on the door. She turned and said, â€Å"Come in,† with surprise; if she had thought about it, she would have been silent and let the visitor leave without finding her. She wished to be alone after the hall full of food and talk and bright smiles. It was Tor. She could see him outlined in the light from the hall, and she had been sitting in the dark long enough to see clearly. But he blinked and looked around, for her figure was only a part of the heavy curtains that hung around the deep window alcove. She stirred, and he saw the flicker of her red skirt. â€Å"Why do you sit in the dark?† â€Å"There was too much light in the hall tonight.† Tor was silent. After a moment she sighed, and reached for a candle and flint. It seemed to Tor that the shadows it cast upon her face made her briefly old: a woman with grandchildren, for all her brilliant hair. Then she set the candle on a small table and smiled at him, and she was eighteen again. She saw that he carried something in his arms: a long narrow something, wrapped in dark cloth. â€Å"I have brought you your birthday present – privately, as I thought you might prefer.† And so that I need not do any explaining, he thought. She knew at once what it was: a sword. She watched with rising excitement as he unrolled the wrappings, and from them, gleaming, came her sword, her very own sword. She reached for it eagerly, and slid it out of its scabbard. It was plain but for some work on the hilt to make the grip sure; but she felt it light and true and perfect in her hand, and her hand trembled with the pride of it. â€Å"Thank you,† she said, her eyes still fixed on the sword, so she did not see the look of hope and pity on Tor’s face as he watched her. â€Å"At dawn you shall try it out,† said Tor, and the tone of his voice shook her out of her reverie, and she raised her eyes to his. â€Å"I will meet you at our usual place,† he said, and tried to speak as if this were a lesson like any other lesson; and if he failed, Aerin still did not guess why he failed. â€Å"This is ever so much better than another dressing gown,† she said lightly, and was pleased to see him smile. â€Å"It was a very beautiful dressing gown.† â€Å"If it had been less beautiful, I would not have disliked it so much. You were as bad as Teka, trying to keep me in bed, or trailing about my rooms in a dressing gown forever.† â€Å"And a lot of good it did us, despite the fact that you could not stand on your feet without either fainting or falling over.† â€Å"It was concentrating on my lessons with you that finally sweated the last of the surka out of me,† Aerin said, waving her birthday present gently under his nose. â€Å"I almost believe you,† he replied sadly. So they were standing, looking at each other, with the naked blade upheld between them, when Teka come through the open door behind them. â€Å"Gholotat protect us,† said Teka, and closed the door behind her. â€Å"Is my birthday present not beautiful?† said Aerin, and turned the blade back and forth quickly so that it winked at her old nurse as she stood by the door. Teka looked at her face and then at Tor’s, and then back at Aerin’s, and said nothing. You read "The Hero And The Crown Part One Chapter 7" in category "Essay examples" â€Å"I will bid you good night,† said Tor, and because Teka was there he dared reach out his hands to Aerin, and put them on her shoulders, as she slid her sword into its scabbard, and kiss Her cheek as a cousin might; which he would not have dared had they been alone. He bowed to Teka, and left them. Perhaps it was having a real sword of one’s own. Perhaps it was being eighteen – or that eighteen years’ practice of being stubborn was finally paying off. If she still stumbled over the corners of rugs or bumped into doorways while she was thinking about other things, she no longer bothered looking around anxiously to find out if anyone had seen her: either they had or they hadn’t, and she had other things on her mind; she reveled in those other things. They meant that she did not blush automatically when she caught sight of Perlith, knowing that he would have thought of something to say to her since the last time she had failed to avoid him, and that his little half smile beneath half-lidded eyes would make whatever he said worse. She walked through the halls of the castle and the streets of the City the most direct way instead of the way she would meet the fewest people; and she avoided the surka in the royal garden, but only that it might not make her sick again. She did not cringe from the thought of its presence, or from the shame that she had to avoid it in the first place; nor did she any longer feel that breathing the garden air was synonymous with breathing Galanna’s malice. She had discovered how to make the dragonfire ointment. It was, she knew, sheer obstinacy that had kept her at it-over two years of making fractional changes in her mixtures, learning how to find and prepare all the ingredients for the mixtures, for she could not continue raiding Hornmar’s and Teka’s supplies; finding small apothecary shops in the City that might sell the odder ones, and riding out on the reluctant Kisha for the herbs that grew nearby. At first she had wondered if anyone would try to stop her, and her first visits to shopkeepers, and beyond the City gates, gave her stomachaches of dread. But the shopkeepers attended her respectfully and even helpfully, and slowly the visits stopped seeming so awful. There was no sense in trying to disguise herself; she was the only person in the City with orange hair, and any Damarian who had never in fact seen her would know instantly who she was. She had tried the effect of a scarf over the give-away hair, but as soon as she looked in a mirror she realized this wouldn’t work: the scarf was obviously there to hide her hair, and she still had orange eyebrows. There was stuff Galanna used to blacken her brown lashes, but Aerin had no idea how to get hold of it, and thought that while Teka seemed willing to let her and her peculiar errands alone at present, she would probably throw a fit and spoil everything if she caught her royal charge creeping around with her hair hidden a nd her brows blackened. And as she wasn’t stopped, her confidence grew, and she swept into the shops she frequented with her head high as a first sol should, and made her purchases, and swept out again. She felt tremendously grand, but the shopmen and women found her charmingly unpretentious, being accustomed to the Perliths and Galannas who never looked anyone in the eye and were never satisfied (it was widely held that the woman who supplied Galanna with her brow-darkener more than earned the fancy price she charged), and who always had lackeys to handle the money and the purchases themselves while they fingered their jewels and looked into the distance. Arlbeth would have been pleased to hear the small new thread of gossip that began to circulate in the City about the witchwoman’s daughter, and how the daughter (like the mother, a few folk now recalled) had a smile for everyone; and this view of the king’s daughter almost eased the fear of her that had begun with the rumor that she was enspelling the first sola. A few of her new supporters decided that Tor, as first sola and king to be, understandably wanted a quiet family life; and the king’s daughter, of all those court ladies, looked the likeliest to give it to him. There were even those, especially among the older folk, who shook their heads and said that they shouldn’t keep the young first sol mewed up in that castle the way they did; it’d be better if she were let out to mingle with her people. If Aerin could have heard, she would have laughed. And the things she bought were such harmless things, even if some of them were odd, and even though, as the months passed, she did buy quite a quantity of them. Nothing there that could cause any †¦ mischief. Hornmar had mentioned, very quietly, to one or two of his particular friends the first sol’s miraculous cure of old Talat; and somehow that tale got around too, and as the witchwoman’s easy smile was remembered, so did some folk also begin to remember her way with animals. It was a few months before her nineteenth birthday that she put a bit of yellowish grease on a fresh bit of dry wood, held it with iron pincers, and thrust it into the small candle flame at the corner of her work table – and nothing happened. She had been performing this particular set of motions – measuring, noting down, mixing, applying and watching the wood burn- – for so long that her movements were deft and exact with long practice even while her brain tended to go off on its own and contemplate her next meeting of swords with Tor, or the nagging Teka was sure to begin within the next day or two for her to darn her stockings since they all had holes in them and lately she had perforce always to wear boots when she attended the court in the great hall so that the holes wouldn’t show. She was thinking that the green stockings probably had the smallest and most mendable holes, and she had to have dinner in the hall tonight. Since she’d turned eigh teen she’d been expected to take part in the dancing occasionally, and there was sure to be dancing tonight since the dinner was in honor of Thorped and his son, who were here from the south; one of Thorped’s daughters was one of Galanna’s ladies. It was difficult dancing in boots and she needed all the help she could get. At this point she realized that her arm was getting tired – and that the bit of yellow-slick wood was peacefully ignoring the fire that burned around it, and that the iron tongs were getting hot in her hand. She jumped, and knocked over the candlestick and dropped the hot tongs, and the greasy bit of wood skittered over the dusty, woodchip-littered floor, picking up shreds and shavings till it looked like a new sort of pomander. She had set up shop in a deserted stone shed near Talat’s pasture that had once held kindling and things like old axe handles and sticks of wood that might make new axe handles, and she had never gotten around to sweeping the floor. Her hands were shaking so badly that she dropped the candle again when she tried to pick it up, and missed when she went to stamp out the thread of smoke that rose from the floor where the candle had fallen. She sat down on a pile of axe handles and took a few deep breaths, and thought fixedly about green stockings. Then she stood up, lit the candle again, and set it quietly back in its holder. She’d learned in the long months past not to waste her time and the apothecaries’ wares by making more than a tiny trial bit of each mixture, and the marble bowl where the final mashing and mixing went on before the experiment with the candle flame was no bigger than an eggcup. There was just enough in the bottom of the cup now to grease one fingertip. She chose the left index finger, which had been the one to get burnt with the result of her very first fire-ointment attempt, what seemed centuries ago. She held the fingertip steadily in the flame, and watched it; the pointed blue-and-yellow oval of the fire parted smoothly around her finger and rejoined above it to prick the shadows of the stone ceiling. She felt nothing. She withdrew the finger and stared at it with awe – tou ched it with another finger. Skin-heat, no more; and while it had remained stickily apparent on the surface of the wood, the ointment was not greasy on her finger. Kenet. It existed. She checked her notes to be sure she could read what she had written about the proportions of this particular attempt; then blew out the candle and went off in a daze to darn stockings. Teka asked her twice, sharply, what was the matter with her, as she tried to help her dress for the court dinner. Aerin’s darns were worse than usual – which was saying a good deal, and Teka had said even more when she saw them, but as much out of worry for her sol’s extraordinary vagueness as from straightforward exasperation at yet another simply homely task done ill. Usually, big court dinners made Aerin clumsy and rather desperately here-and-now. Teka finally tied ribbons around both of Aerin’s ankles to hide the miserable lumps of mending and was even more appalled when Aerin did not object. Ankle ribbons were all the fashion among the higher-born young ladies this year; when this first became apparent Teka had had a difficult time convincing Aerin not to lengthen all her skirts eight inches, that they might drag on the floor and render all questions of ankle adornment academic; and Teka was fairly sure the only reason she’d won the argument wa s that Aerin couldn’t face the thought of all the sewing such a project would entail. Teka hung a tassel at the front of one ankle, to fall gracefully over the high arch of Aerin’s long foot (not that it would stay there; Galanna and the others had developed a coy little hitch and skip to their walk, to make their tassels fall forward as they should), and pinned a small silver brooch bearing the royal crest on the other, and Aerin didn’t even fidget. She was dreamily staring into space; she was even wearing a slight smile. Could she have fallen in love? Teka wondered. Who? Thorped’s son – what was his name? Surely not. He was half a head shorter than she and wispy. Teka sighed and stood up. â€Å"Aerin – are you sure you’re not ill?† she said. Aerin came back to herself with a visible jerk and said, â€Å"Dear Teka, I’m fine. Truly I am.† Then she looked down with a scowl and wiggled her ankles. â€Å"Ugh,† â€Å"They hide your – dare I call them – darns,† Teka said severely. â€Å"There’s that,† said Aerin, and smiled again, and Teka thought, What ails the girl? I will look for Tor tonight; his face will tell me something. How to cite The Hero And The Crown Part One Chapter 7, Essay examples

Consumer Behavior for Australian Tribe- myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theConsumer Behavior for Australian Tribe. Answer: Introduction Businesspeople segregate a broad consumer or businessmarket into sub-groups ofconsumers, who are the potential segments (Amos et al. 2014). This segmentation is based on some shared characteristics of common demands, interests, lifestyle and demographic profiles (Cohen et al. 2014). It is also evident that businesspeople aim for this segmentation process so that they can attain more profitability by formulating products and offer services according to their requirements and demands (Conal Hanna 2017). The prime objective of this assessment is to provide the consumer behavior of these identified tribes and then answer the given criteria of the assessment requirements. Discussion Nature of the Seven Identifies Australian Tribe Progressive cosmopolitan are city dwellers and comprises of 18.2% of the total Australian population; whereas, lavish mod-cons intends to spend extra cost on their desired things (Conal Hanna 2017). Moreover activist egalitarian are the people, who firmly believe that governments should intervene to make society more equitable and they believe in wealth and public investment. Activist egalitarian comprises of 18.2% of the Australian population (Conal Hanna 2017). Moreover, 9.9% of the population in Australia is ambitious saver and their behavior is to consider the future things and usually desires to opt for financial security (Conal Hanna 2017). In addition to that, prudential traditionalist comprises of 29.9% of the Australias population (Conal Hanna 2017). According to their behavior, it can be said that they are unimpressed by luxuryand prefers to save money and since they are not career-oriented, they prefer to save money rather than spend on luxurious things. Additionally, lavish mod-cons are t the people, who are big savers and love to spend their money on premium products and services in order to attain a lifetime experiences and they comprises of 5.5% of the total Australian population (Solomon 2014). These people belong to high income group and are less in favor of traditional social values and government intervention (Conal Hanna 2017). It is also present in the Sydney Morning Herald that Anti-establishment firebrands are those 6% of the Australian, who generally do not listen to any regulations and opposes the climate action (Conal Hanna 2017). These people do not follow a certain trend and prefer to remain unpredictable or unorganized. Lastly, in context of disillusioned pessimist, it can be said that event they do not prefer to buy expensive things but they also do not campaigning for more wealth redistribution either. Disillusioned Pessimists are among those 12.2% of the population, who are likely to experience luxury on others e xpense rather than spending on it by themselves (Conal Hanna 2017). Matching the Consumer Behavior with the Tribes In context of purchasing an imported small car like the Austin Mini Cooper, it can be said that the lavish mod-con or moderate conservative people are the most suitable. The reason for this is that these people love to splash out on luxuryand enjoy being looking good. Schiffman et al. (2013) depicts that the people who spends more have the intention to purchase luxurious things n order to experiences all the premium quality products. Thus, buying an imported car can be one of their deluxe dreams that they intends to fulfill. Moreover, the activist egalitarians are the least likely to purchase an imported small car likes the Austin Mini Cooper as they belong to the low income group of the Australian population. Moreover, for the scenario of going to the local caf for your regular coffee and breakfast, disillusioned pessimists are the most likely market segmentation group. The reason is that these people prefer to adapt the changes in them and are very motivated by social. Thus, developing of new restaurants in the community drive their mindset to experience new things that is not so expensive yet can be obtained. Moreover, the least target segments in this context are the prudent traditionalist, who prefers to save their money on safety and security of life rather than spending their savings on unhealthy and unhygienic food and beverages. In addition to that, in terms of joining a gym and fitness centre, lavish mod-cons and anti-establishment firebrand are the group, who are mostly compatible in this context. The reason for that is lavish people desires to look good and hence they take necessary steps for grooming themselves. On the other hand, anti-establishment firebrand people intend to be physically string so that they can withstand any opposition in future. Hoyer, et al. (2016) portrays that in this case, it is not their luxury but necessity and thus, they will likely to join gym. The least target segmented group is the activist egalitarians as they do not have extra money to spend on extra items. They moreover, fulfill their basic needs. In the scenario of buying beer from the local bottle shop and watching footie at home, the most potential target groups are activist egalitarians people. In the first case, absence of money is the prime reason and by purchasing beer from local shop will cost them lesser money compared to if they buy a beer of branded quality. Moreover, the lavish mod-cons are the least targeted segmented group as they will never buy beer from local shop. These people prefer branded products and intend to spend most of the time in expensive hotels and resorts in order to satisfy their standards and social class. Furthermore, in ordering food online through providers like Menulog, Panda Food e.t.c, the most targeted group is disillusioned pessimistsas they possess a positive viewpoint regarding every social step and hence they will use internet technology to complete their household works. Moreover, they are also aware of the fact that in internet they can compare food from many restaurants so they can use the technology for finding out the most pocket- friendly products to buy or purchase. Moreover, the least targeted segment group is the prudent traditionalists because even though they accept that the world is continuously changing but they prefer to remain in their nostalgia. Schtte and Ciarlante (2016) stated that older people also do not have the intention to learn new things and hence accomplishing their day-to-day work through technology seems to be cumbersome for them. In context of installing renewable energy like solar panels in their houses, ambitious savers are the mostly targeted audience as they prefer to invest in better future. Investing in solar panel might need great cost during installation but it will save their electricity bill for longer runs. Moreover, the least targeted group are the prudent traditionalists as they will not understand the importance of installing solar panel as they are more concerned towards the maintenance of the solar panel rather than its extreme benefits. Prudent traditionalist mostly prefers buying homeware products at DIY (Do It Yourself) hardware stores like Bunnings as they always value the old things and like formulation of new things from the old and damaged products. Moreover, the least targeted segmented in this case is anti-establishment firebrand as these people do not value the social and environmental wellbeing. They do not have any specification for buying things but they are likely to destruct the good things. Additionally, ambitious savers mostly prefer Shopping at Big W as they have a tendency to buy quality products at affordable cost. Their buying behavior also reveals that they filter their choices in the website and select their desired products from the website. These users are mostly attracted by detailed information given in the website that helps them to select heir products effectively. In this case, the least targeted market is the activist egalitarian as they do not have much money to have a smart device and internet connection is that they can get aware of the internet shopping. Moreover, these people often like to buy from local stores and low quality clothes and this is the reason they will not prefer to use online shopping. In the framework of eating at fast food restaurants like McDonald and K.F.C, lavish people are most targeted and prudent traditionalist ate the least targeted group. Lavish people have the behavior to spend time with their friends and family in branded outlets. These fast food outlets are too expensive for low-income people but people with high income can often afford this service. The reason behind prudent traditionalist being the least targeted segment because these are the people does not prefer junk food. These people believe on saving and eating health food that re available in lesser cost with high health benefits. Thus, according to their consumer behavior of getting better product and lower cost makes them the least segmented group in this context. Lastly, the circumstance of playing poker machines at our local RSL or Leagues club on a regular basis is a behavioral attitude of lavish mod-on people. Playing poker machines required extra money to spend that all the other mentioned groups does not have to spend on these activities. Lavish people attitude towards this activity is that they need entertainment that can match their quo and status. Moreover, the least targeted group in this context is the egalitarians as these people intends to fulfill their basic needs rather than spending their little money ion these entertainment activities. Thus, they do not have the attitude to match the style of casinos and poker machines games with their attitude. Conclusion It is concluded that there are different target group present in the community and every group come up with a different buying attitude and perception. Moreover, it is found that, according to The Sydney Morning Herald, there are several political tribes- progressive cosmopolitan, activist egalitarian, prudential traditionalist, ambitious saver, disillusioned pessimist, anti-establishment firebrand and lavish mod-con. Some likes to spend more money for experiencing luxurious life; while some prefer to save money. Some of them are there who do not have money to fulfill their basic needs and never spend for other basic items like having internet facility, doing online shopping and having food from branded food outlets. References and Bibliography Amos, C., Holmes, G.R. and Keneson, W.C., 2014. A meta-analysis of consumer impulse buying.Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services,21(2), pp.86-97. Cohen, S.A., Prayag, G. and Moital, M., 2014. Consumer behaviour in tourism: Concepts, influences and opportunities.Current Issues in Tourism,17(10), pp.872-909. Conal Hanna, M., 2017.What type of Aussie are you? Meet the 7 new political tribes. [online] The Sydney Morning Herald. Available at: https://www.smh.com.au/national/what-type-of-aussie-are-you-meet-the-7-new-political-tribes-20170203-gu57b2.html [Accessed 30 May 2017]. Hoyer, W.D., MacInnis, D.J. and Pieters, R., 2016.Consumer behavior. Nelson Education. Lantos, G.P., 2015.Consumer behavior in action: Real-life applications for marketing managers. Routledge. Muruganantham, G. and Bhakat, R.S., 2013. A review of impulse buying behavior.International Journal of Marketing Studies,5(3), pp.149-160. Pao, A., Alves, H. and Shiel, C., 2013. Development of a green consumer behaviour model.International Journal of Consumer Studies,37(4), pp.414-421. Raheem, A.R., Vishnu, P. and Ahmed, A.M., 2014. Impact of product packaging on consumers buying behavior.European Journal of Scientific Research,122(2), pp.125-134. Schiffman, L., O'Cass, A., Paladino, A. and Carlson, J., 2013.Consumer behaviour. Pearson Higher Education AU. Schtte, H. and Ciarlante, D., 2016.Consumer behaviour in Asia. Springer. Solomon, M.R., 2014.Consumer behavior: Buying, having, and being(Vol. 10). Engelwood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. Wind, Y., Thomas, R.J. and Sheth, J.N., 2014.Organizational buying behavior. SAGE Publications.

Studies of Religion Buddhism free essay sample

The impact of Buddhist ethical teachings has been extremely effective throughout the world of adherents. Buddhism exists as living religious tradition and continues to thrive throughout the world, except paradoxically in India, the land of its beginnings (Living a Religion Third Edition). This can be attributed to Buddhist ethical teachings easily adapting itself to cultural and social conditions around the world. However, flaws exist within society which tampers on attaining Nirvana. Through interpreting Buddhism’s Five Precepts, Four Noble Truths and the Eightfold Path, we can further explore the impact of Buddhist teachings on its adherents and understand Sutta Nipata 705 quote Comparing oneself to others in such terms as â€Å"Just as I am so are they, just as they are so am I,† he should neither kill nor cause others to kill. Sutta Nipata 705 Sutta Nipata 705 quote refers to the equality of all people as it states â€Å"Just as I am so are they, just as they are so am I,† This equality therefore assess the harming of other people and self-harming as it states â€Å"he should neither kill†. We will write a custom essay sample on Studies of Religion Buddhism or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Buddhists must treat other people the same as how they would treat themselves. Therefore, they must not harm others or themselves. Buddhist ethical teachings have a strong and positive impact on the expression of Buddhism as a living religious tradition. This is because it provides solutions to different types of ethical issues such as sexual issues. However, this equality as described by Sutta Nipata can be distraught as we live in an imperfect world. The Four Noble Truths are significant to the ethical teachings of Buddhism, which is the Dharma. They are a guide for Buddhists to attain Nirvana. These Noble Truths build the structure of sexual ethics for the adherents of Buddhism. These Noble Truths can be used to judge sexual issues like rape, premarital sex, and extramarital sex. For example, sexual issues and practices are a desire and are described in the second Noble Truth as â€Å"the cause of suffering is from desires†. These issues and desires stem from the contemporary society in which adherents live in as the media powerfully influences their everyday lives. For example, everyday advertisements are constantly bombarding adherents with sexual images to attract a range of products and services which make sexual immorality a means of bettering oneself through material goods/ services. This marketing strategy makes it extremely difficult for Buddhists to follow their ethical teachings and fully express Buddhism as a living religious tradition. With Buddhist ethical teachings aiming to reduce suffering from desire, society can be seen as creating suffering. Society can be described as the â€Å"killer† of sexual morality and as Sutta Nipata 705 quotes â€Å"he should neither kill nor cause others to kill†, he indirectly describes the media as the â€Å"killer† of sexual ethics. The fourth Noble Truth which is, â€Å"the way to overcome suffering is through eightfold path† also relates to ethical teachings and provides morals of a Buddhist adherent since it aims to grow self-understanding and control. The Eightfold Noble Path is the ‘middle way’ of life for Buddhists. The performance of sexual activity is outside the middle way. The eightfold path judges different sexual issues depending on the effect of the issue. Extramarital sex is judged by the third step â€Å"speech† since it allows the senses to take control over mind and body and a destruction of honesty. This destruction can further cause marriage and family breakdowns and cause psychological and emotional harm to the children and partners involved. Rape is judged by the fourth step â€Å"action† since this act effects other people. Rape breaks the first Precept (to refrain from destroying living creatures) since these sexual activities harm another person physically and emotionally. Rape also breaks the second Precept (to refrain from taking that which is not given) since this sexual activity performed by a person steals the respect and dignity of another person. For example, rape causes destruction to the victim involved as they suffer traumatically through their emotional and physical state. The perpetrator is further sanctioned with imprisonment by the Criminal Justice System to keep society safe from harm. An element of suffering is evident within prison for the perpetrator but mainly the victim. This significance is related to Sutta Nipata 705 since the equality towards the adherents has the same meaning to â€Å"Just as I am so are they, just as they are so am I,† and the elimination of the destruction towards others has the meaning to he should neither kill nor cause others to kill. Sexual ethics provides equality in Buddhist adherents since it guides them to a path of no destruction of other people including themselves. The Five Precepts form the foundations of the morals of a Buddhist. Each Precept judges different types of ethical issues. These Precepts have a theme of not harming one another and self-harming which embeds with Sutta Nipata 705 quote since it relates to the theme of the Precepts. They apply to ethical issues, for example, the 5th Precept (to refrain from misuse of the mind or body through intoxicants) assesses the use of drugs and alcohol and provides the consequences of the use. These Precepts also guide sexual ethics which provide judgments on improper sexual activity. Sexual ethical issues like rape, premarital sex, and extramarital sex, all break the third Precept (to refrain from sensual misconduct). The Third Precept prevents improper decision making and allows the mind to take control over mind and body. As Sutta Nipata 705 quote refers to â€Å"kill† which means harming, it supports the Precepts on judging the sexual issues, in this case, these issues â€Å"kill† or harms other people. When relating this to premarital sex, refraining from sensual misconduct prevents Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STD’s), relationship breakdowns, abortions, unwanted pregnancies, all in which damage or â€Å"kill† others/ themselves. The observance of Buddhist ethical teachings can prevent this harm and portrays the manifestation of Buddhism as a living religious tradition. Buddhist ethical teachings can have a positive impact on the expression of Buddhism as a living religious tradition. This is due to deep and meaningful ethics and judgements which many foreigners find to be positive to their everyday lives. As Sutta Nipata 705 quotes â€Å"Just as I am so are they, just as they are so am I†, an element of equality is evident which makes the expression of Buddhism appealing.

Freedom And Liberty Essays - Nineteen Eighty-Four, Free Essays

Freedom And Liberty Essays - Nineteen Eighty-Four, Free Essays Freedom And Liberty subject = Essay Exposition title = Freedom And Liberty Freedom and Liberty (a book review of George Orwell's 1984) Living in a society with limited freedom of expression is not, in any case, enjoyable. A Totalitarian society is a good example of such a society, because although it provides control for the people, it can deny them a great deal of freedom to express themselves. The fictional society in George Orwells 1984 also stands as a metaphor for a Totalitarian society. Communication, personal beliefs, and individual loyalty to the government are all controlled by the inner party which governs the people of Oceania in order to keep them from rebelling. Current society in America is much more democratic. It contrasts with Orwells society of 1984 because communication, personal beliefs and the peoples loyalty to the government are all determined by the individual. In order to keep the people of Oceania in conformity with the desires of the governing Inner Party, the Inner Party controls several aspects of the peoples lives. Communication, for one, is controlled for the benefit of the nation. Newspeak is a modified version of language that is enforced upon the people in order to limit their expression. Syme and Winston, two middle-class workers in Oceania, discuss the concept of Newspeak. Syme reveals that he supports the system, demonstrating how he has been brainwashed by the Inner Party who enforces the system. "Its a beautiful thing, the destruction of words... You havent a real appreciation for Newspeak, Winston... Dont you see that the whole aim of Newspeak is to narrow the range of thought? In the end we shall make thougtcrime literally impossible, because there will be no words in which to express it. (p. 46)" One can detect from this quotation that the people of Oceania, as a group, have been brainwashed by the Inner Party to use only Newspeak. Syme, for one, understands the purpose of it, and he still complies with the system because he has been trained to do so. The concept of Newspeak is designed to control personal beliefs of the citizens by limiting their form of expression as Syme explains. But when the governing system is not followed, Thought Police are used to prevent thoughts that oppose the nation. "How often, or on what system, the Thought Police plugged in on any individual wire was guesswork. It was even conceivable that they watched everybody all the time. (p. 6)" There is no doubt that - through both Newspeak and Thought Police - the system of government in 1984 has adequately prevented the people from thinking against it. When all this surveillance is placed on the people, they learn to comply with their country and eventually begin to value it automatically. At the end of the story, aft er Winston is accused by the Thought Police of thoughtcrime and is tortured, he finally conforms to the general thoughts of Oceania. "He had finally won the victory over himself. He loved Big Brother. (p. 245)" This quote indicates that the inner party has done everything that was necessary to preserve Winstons loyalty to the nation. Even Winston, who at one time was against his government, has now been "fixed" to support it and love his leader. The government of Oceania has gone to great lengths to change Winstons mind, and as always, they have gotten what they desire. America in 1997 is much different from Orwells 1984 because, for one, freedom of expression is a dominating factor in American communication. In conversation as well as newspapers and magazines, a variety of views and opinions are openly expressed. Censorship is not enforced to a high degree. As an example, demonstrations and protests are often held which counter certain governmental policies; laws or propositions are often spoken out against in public. The fact that these rebellious actions are not punished by the government proves that the government of America is much more lenient than that of 1984. The expression of such a variety of beliefs comes from the freedom of individual beliefs. The thoughts and opinions of the individual are not maintained by the government; the government does not have a system to control the thoughts of the individual. This is why one commonly sees such a variety of beliefs and ideas spread in advertisements and media. For instance, while there are often advertisemen ts for meat, leather or fur products in magazines and such, other advertisements often try to suggest a more humane treatment of animals, therefore contradicting the idea that animals should be

Speech to inform Outline Rubric Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Speech to inform Outline Rubric - Essay Example . I tend to behave differently when I visit my parents’ households. In my opinion maintaining one’s culture is a crucial part of life, it sort of gives any individual an identity unique from others. In my family, my mother is African while my Father is from Saudi Arabia. This definitely makes me multiracial. Nonetheless, I tend to be more with my father’s culture since we reside with them and I have stayed with them longer than my mother’s family. The discourses can be diverse but at some point similar in terms of values. Following all these, I also have been affected in school since I come from different races. I will therefore take you through my experiences from both cultures for a better understanding of their discourse. I will explain the similarities as well as differences between the two, and the impact they both have had in my life especially when I was growing up. Transition: Despite the many differences with the two discourse cultures, they share a number of similar values which in my opinion make them compatible to intermarry, as my parents did. Here are some of the similarities. Transition: As I have explained, Discourse culture basically brings out the difference in the culture of communities. My Saudi Arabian and African discourses have their differences and similarities also they have had some negative effects on me. It is my hope that through my multiracial identity you now comprehend what discourse culture is. The two cultures are different in some way especially when visiting other people but have similarities. Respect for family unity is a similar in both of my races. I have been discriminated but have survived it all since I love both my mother and father so dearly. My challenge to all of you is to stop racism, if anyone of you still believes in discrimination upon race then this is a reason on why you should see the world and the people in it differently. We cannot all be the same and

Data Warehousing and Data Mining Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Data Warehousing and Data Mining - Essay Example The main objective is to eliminate or minimize the redundancy and at the same time increasing database efficiency. The negative part illustrates that too much implementation of normalization can cause issues. The objective is to deploy the highest acceptable level of normalization. If we compare three of these NF’s, the 1NF removes replication in groups. The 2NF reduces data replication or redundancy and the 3NF reduces columns from the tables that are not reliant on primary keys. Therefore, database design must demonstrate the highest level of normalization possible, in order to make database efficient and robust. In order to maintain 3 large databases for a VLDB and to keep them efficient for two years if required, there is a requirement for constructing a ‘store and forward’ mechanism that will process the data or information from and through each distribution center database. Likewise, at the same time embrace that data or information pending till the completi on of EDW. Moreover, data archiving is also required for maintaining each distribution center becoming a VLDB. EDW is efficient enough to support this scenario. A study demonstrated the overall cost of this disease throughout the world is $376 Billion annually. It is now almost fundamental that a person exceeding an age of 60 have more chances to get this disease, as it is now considered as the fourth largest live taking disease globally along with making its name for the fourth most common disease that contributes to a death of a person. However, the most common of all diabetes is the type 2. As there are almost 20% habitants suffering from in the United Arab Emirates alone, many research studies and debates are conducted yearly in Dubai and Abu Dhabi. Moreover, awareness sessions are conducted in every town of the cities to aware the people about this disease (MoH launches second phase of diabetes campaign.2010). However, this case study demonstrates the disease diabetes and medic al data associated with patients from the Middle east region i.e. United Arab Emirates for discovering concealed patterns and the valuable information that can be utilized for decision making process. In addition, these informed decisions are performed by medical personnel and practitioners. Therefore, this case study can be utilized for illustrating the requirements for medication for each type of diabetes and also forecast the futuristic elements reflected in the extracted data (MoH launches second phase of diabetes campaign.2010). In the process of data mining, the data associated with people has risky ethical significances. Data mining experts need to deploy norms for making the data application resilient (Keating, 2008). As far as humans are concerned, this method is associated with disparity along with behaviors such as racialism, as they are negative to norms. Perception that is considered as another example is dependent on the applied classification, as it is recognized in s plitting a disease that needs urgent attention. However, in case of a financial institution or a bank, loan acquisition is a non-ethical characteristic. Similarly, there are numerous factors that may be relevant to data mining. For instance, a report that was published from a leading consumer illustrated that in France, customer possessing a red car are more likely to be defaulters in returning loans back. As it is a debatable issue on categorizing it as ethical or non-ethical issue, similarly, insurance companies are always

Response & Recovery Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Response & Recovery - Essay Example After doing this, the second step I need to do is to perceive imposing hazards that can affect the safety of the people and the environment. This entails securing the area to prevent accidents and further casualties, which might eventually lead to evacuation of people or residents within and around the area of disaster; as well as the potential hazards that rescue personnel and the affected community may face (Emergency Management Institute – FEMA, n.d.). The following step that I need to do after the first two aforementioned steps have been undertaken is to set up initial priorities and urgent supply necessities which take on the need to process requirements in terms of equipment, personnel, facilities and supplies that will support the activities for response and recovery operations. This phase of the operation is quite critical because everybody involved needs to be on an equal footing that puts strict compliance to having personnel who are trained for such situations with knowledge in the use of common terminology pertaining to incident amenities; the position or title of designated supervisors/heads; the role of each present organization within the recovery operations; and the description of resources. ... It is vital to the whole operation that a chain and unity of command is established before the whole operation actually proceeds. This will enable every individual involved to report to a selected supervisor that I will be assigning, thus eliminating the possibility of being given several contradictory orders that can affect the smooth flow of communication and field work. Having a unity of command allows different agencies (local, state or federal) to work as a cohesive unit and effectively mete out the desired services as expected. There is also an essential need for responders to have and know entrance and exit routes, making the staging area an efficient workplace for everybody (Emergency Management Institute – FEMA, n.d.). Parallel to the abovementioned paragraph is the organization of priorities which I will do. The first priority is always the safety of all the personnel involved in the operation since another loss of life or another casualty may undermine the self-conf idence and self-esteem of the staff. Making the place of the incident safe from further damage is the second priority to do away with accidents and further loss of lives. The third priority is the preservation of property, where relief operation personnel implements procedures to safeguard possessions within the vicinity of the disaster (Emergency Management Institute – FEMA, n.d.). Likewise, I need to be very specific about the goals of the operation that must be finished within a specified timeframe or period. The goals must be realistic and feasible; and must be within the authority that was vested on me as Incident Commander (Emergency Management Institute – FEMA, n.d.). Additionally it is

Does The Freedom Of Press Affect Our Daily Life?

Does The Freedom Of Press Affect Our Daily Life? The first amendment gives us the right to express our feelings without any restrictions. Freedom of the press is usually defined as the right to communicate ideas, opinions, and information without government restraint (Dennis and Merill 5) The newspaper was one our main source of communication. Newspapers were mainly just for News. Now you could access to any type of information in the different sections that a newspaper have. Newspapers have sections that talk about Finance, Sports and even real estate. The internet has taken a lot of the audience that were served by the newspaper. The internet is more accessible than the newspaper. It is easier to search and access information. Many of us dont even have the time to stop and get the newspaper. The internet makes it easier to access the information of our interest and not those sections in the newspaper that we tend to skip. Cellphones and Portable devices lets us access the media on the Go. Many television channels and newspapers give access to certain shows or news that could be transferred to our portable players. The media is now more customized. There are several types of news that focus in different interests and targeted to different markets. There are Financial newspapers, Sports, Entertainment, Local news, International news and even in other languages. The news is less conservative now. We could have access to different news that could be access for free that wont be available in certain newspapers. It is easier for us to access the information online. It is easier to target this audience via internet. Most of us spend more time in front of a computer students use more internet sources for school projects. The online version is already replacing the Original print version of the newspaper because it is more accessible. In this fast paced world we do not like to wait. We like everything at out fingertips. Online we even have access to archives news; some sites require subscriptions to access the full content of the articles. The internet is slowly replacing newspaper, television and radio. We could have access our favorite channels and watch videos that were originally broadcasted on T.V. Just like we could have access to certain articles that were originally printed in the newspaper. And last but not least download songs that we usually just listen to on the radio. There will always be that small group that does not have access to the internet that will still get their newspaper in the morning and also watch T.V at 6pm. This is a slow transition that that is affecting our everyday life. The popularity of the internet as a resource of news raises questions about the future of traditional news media. Is the internet likely to become an addition to newspapers and television news, or a replacement used for these media? Along with the people who have access to television, the internet and newspapers some prefer to use the Web as a resource of news, while others prefer conventional news media. We access the news that we are interested in a video online. MTV, ESPN and other sites give us the option to subscribe to their newsletter and customize the information that we would like to receive. It also gives us the option to receive automatic updates of news. The ability of us being able to customize the information that we receive is great. We are able to just read the information that we are interested in. Rather than what happened to Angelina Jolie in Africa. Yes it is information that is good to know but not as important as knowing about local news or news that is that is affecting us directly. It is easier to filter the information that we want to read rather that standing in front of the T.V watching celebrity News. The internet and independent newspapers has helped journalist to be more original about what they write. There are certain articles that you will find in the web that will not be printed in the NY Times. The interment gives everyone the real meaning of the first amendment. We could basically write and post anything we want. The internet is not about ratings is about getting the information out to the public. Ratings is what T.V stations are looking for and thats why the advertise celebrity news because that is what people would like to see. But many of us want to know what is really going on in the real world and what is going on in our local areas and the war in Iraq. Journalism has changed ever since we made the transition from the radio to the television. We could access any kind of information if our portable devices and even our cell phones. I do not believe that the newspaper will disappear but I do believe that there will be more information available in the web that in the printed version. Some news channels give us the information of where to go if we want to find out more about a certain news or article.

Reaching For Dreams - A Ballet :: essays research papers

In watching a professional ballet one doesn’t realize how much work is put into making the production come to life. Both the dancers and the choreographers put every ounce of energy and emotion into telling their story. It takes years for a ballerina to train for the labor that goes into becoming professional, however just weeks to learn a full-length ballet. Dancers can sometimes be put through months of sore muscles in order to train. Often ballet dancers are told to loose weight in order to look their part, or are only given a few minutes for break after hours of vigorous training. In the end it is all worth it though. When I checked out Reaching for Dreams: A Ballet from Rehearsal to Opening Night, by Susan Kuklin out of the library I expected to read another boring drawn out diary. Amazingly this book was difficult for me to put down because I became so enthralled by the process of putting on a ballet. At the beginning of this book the author describes the dancers coming in on a rainy Monday morning to begin warm-ups and rehearsal. This of course is the beginning of their voyage to opening night. The dancers taking part in this production were from the Alvin Ailey American Dance Theatre. The ballet that they plan to perform in seven weeks is called â€Å"Speeds.† The choreographer of â€Å"Speeds† is a world-renowned woman by the name of Jennifer Mullers. This production contains a cast of eleven dancers and five alternates. â€Å"Speeds† is a modern ballet that explains how one moment in time is like no other, and how often things in the world change. Throughout this book, Kuklin observes the life of a dancer. The typical day of a professional ballerina at the Alvin Ailey American Dance Theatre consists of waking up around seven to be at rehearsal in plenty of time to warm-up. In dance warming up your muscles is the most important device to do before beginning, as it helps you stay clear of any possible injuries. After warming up Jennifer, the choreographer, teaches them the dance and makes sure that every move â€Å"flows† with the body of the person dancing it. She claims that â€Å"the dancers must be comfortable with the shapes that they dance.† After hours of strenuous practice the dancers receive a five-minute break to cool off and grab a bite to eat.

A Rose for Emily. Analysis

Jack Wu English 1B – Professor Meehan 03/05/13 â€Å"Rose for Emily† Analysis In â€Å"A Rose for Emily†; William Faulkner details the loneliness and selfishness of peculiar woman, Miss Emily. Miss Emily is unable to grip the idea of death and suffers great deals of denial. After the death of her father, the townspeople expected her to be in a state of grief but alas she is not. Instead she proceeds to say that her father is very well with her, alive. William Faulkner’s idea of grieving is clear in this story because he shows his audience that it is better to accept death than to ignore it through the accounts of Miss Emily’s journey.William Faulkner’s story takes place in the South, during a time period of racial discrimination and major political change. By using reader response criticism, a reader can analyze â€Å"A Rose for Emily† through the aspects of the secret held within the story, race found through anthropology, and gender found through anthropology. To begin with, one can analyze â€Å"A Rose for Emily† by examining the underlying hidden message found within the story. The hidden message that William Faulkner tried to convey in his story was the themes of death and change.Death looms through the story from the beginning right on through to the end as the narrator begins describing the beginning of Miss Emily’s funeral. Miss Emily herself chooses not to accept the fate of death when her extremely controlling father passes away. Miss. Emily later killed Homer to ensure that he would never leave her. This is Miss Emily’s most severe attempt to preserve her life and the time period in which she lived. Miss. Emily believes that having nothing is less painful than grief over something lost. To further examine â€Å"A Rose for Emily† is by analyzing gender, Mr.Faulkner explains the roles of women in the South and how they were seen through the eyes of men. One can clearly see tha t through the opening sentence of the story, the narrator is stating that women gossip while men are caring and serious. This is only one of many passages that show that Mr. Faulkner is attempting to make men the stronger gender. â€Å"Only a man of Colonel Satoris’s generation could have invented it and only a women could have believed it† Faulkner. Colonel Satoris is described as being an ingenious man but in this sentence, Miss Emily’s name isn’t even mentioned when the two are compared.The statement made in this story is that men are the better gender. There are many aspects that were incorporated into â€Å"A Rose for Emily†. William Faulkner was able to create a story involving many ideas about society and how it functioned in a specific time period in the South. To further examine â€Å"A Rose for Emily†, one can use the reader response criticism and analyze the aspects of the hidden message found within the story, gender and race fou nd through anthropology. â€Å"A Rose for Emily† is an important element in literature due to examination of the effects of change created in the olden South.

Why the Homeless Must Vote essays

Why the Homeless Must Vote essays You held out your hand and said you needed helping. They gave you a pathetic look and The acrid rain came down and it soaked up into your shoes. You thought you had pneumonia, but it was the homeless blues. You had not voted when you had a home. You had not voted when you had a job. You did not vote when domestic violence was not a problem. You did not vote when the house was not on fire. And surely you did not vote when you were out of your head on drugs and alcohol. Would you be concerned, and would anything have been different if you had been a registered voter, and had voted? When you heard someone say, "it can happen to any one of use," would you have thought that they could have been talking about your For a multitude of reasons, both legitimate and illegitimate, any one of us can again become homeless. With that concern in mind, the issues and positions of the homeless should be more immediate in the need for your attention. That concern should dictate that you not take for granted the duties of a citizen, and not have to rely on the kindness of strangers, nor be dependent on those who perhaps did vote. To vote is to use the greatest weapon a citizen has at his disposal in a democracy. To vote is to fight that corner of apathy in our communities, our institutions, in our homes and in To register to vote, and vote, by homeless people is a tool that was not always afforded the indigent, and some of the harsh realities of needing certain kinds of assistance is profoundly significant, in that you are in the eye of the storm at the moment, you can see with clarity the needs. And in the aftermath of the storm you will have a perspective of the legislation and the legislators who understand your plight now, and the same concerns of those who may need services after you. The homeless need to align ...

The flypaper effect examines the impact of intergovernmental grants on local governments’ spending behaviour. The WritePass Journal

The flypaper effect examines the impact of intergovernmental grants on local governments’ spending behaviour. Introduction The flypaper effect examines the impact of intergovernmental grants on local governments’ spending behaviour. IntroductionReferencesRelated Introduction The flypaper effect examines the impact of intergovernmental grants on local governments’ spending behaviour. Where one level of government is unable to provide public goods and services for another level of government it transfers money to that government to finance its own provision. The transfer of funds is usually from a higher level of government to lower levels. These intergovernmental grants are flows of money from federal or central government to local state governments. These grants change the income distribution and spending patterns of the local government. The flypaper effect is the concept of money from the central government to the local authorities sticking where it hits. Grants to the local government will be spent on goods and services in the local public economy and not be used somewhere else. When the local government receives a grant, it can choose to either spend it on increasing provision of public goods without increasing. Or cut taxes of its residents w hich increases their incomes. The effect the grant and tax cuts will have on local spending is dependent on the income elasticity of demand. Theory predicts that the effect of a lump sum grant on local spending will be equivalent to the effect of an increase in income from distributing the grant directly to local residents or indirectly through tax cuts. However this   theory has been disconfirmed by a number of empirical studies which is why the flypaper effect is considered as an anomaly inconsistent with economic theory[3]. A study by Gramlich (1977) found evidence which goes against the occurrence of this America. The studies show that the grant induces greater local spending than an equivalent cut in taxes does which is considered to be an anomaly. A 100$ increase in citizens’ income from a cut in taxes raises local governments spending by $5-$10, while lump sum grant on the other hand raises spending by $40-100$. The grant stimulates higher local spending than an equivalent increase in income from a cut in taxes would. Spending is stimulated by more than theory predicts. A number of researchers[4] have carr ied out studies to estimate the effect additional grants will have on local government spending. Even though all these studies were carried out in different ways they all report some degree of flypaper effects. The results from these studies show that an additional dollar increase in the grant can increases local government spending by anywhere around 25 to 106% of the additional dollar. Studies have been conducted to estimate the actual effect of different types of grants to the local governments. The magnitude of the flypaper effect will vary depending on the nature of the grant received as this influences the spending pattern of the local government. An open-ended matching grant which is a form of subsidy given to the local government has a larger effect on local spending as it induces both an income and substitution; as compared to an unconditional grant which the local government can spend grant any way it chooses to, or specific grants which are given with strings attached such as having to spend the grant on specific programmes such as on education. These have a smaller increase on local governments on spending. General and specific lump sum grants have the same effects on local government spending as they induce only an income effect. A lump sum grant also results in a smaller increase in local spending than an equivalent matching grant would. Where there are misspecifications on the type of grant received, this can create flypaper. Moffitt (1984) proved that taking the type of grant into consideration when estimating the flypaper effects avoids creating an upward bias and could eliminate the flypaper effect. Different explanations have been given as to why we observe these flypaper effects. One argument that has been made is that it is due to fiscal illusion. Some sources of government revenue are unobserved or partially unobserved by citizens who benefit when incomes from these sources are spent and increase their support for the government. Because these income sources are unknown to the citizens, they do not have to pay higher taxes or forego tax cuts for the increased expenditure on public goods and services to be financed. The government will have an incentive to increase spending of revenue from these unobserved sources which are subject to fiscal illusion to increase their support. This allows the local government to spend a higher amounts of grants resulting in the flypaper effect of money sticking where it hits. Oates’s model is based on the assumption of fiscal illusion with lack of full information on the part of citizens. When the local government receives a grant, this could be passed onto residents to increase incomes who increase their spending on public goods. The local government could instead decide to supply the good at a lower price which results in a greater increase in spending than that which results from the increased income. Residents are made to believe that the cost of the service is less that its actual cost. This makes the effects of the lump-sum grant is greater than that from increased incomes. The magnitude of the flypaper effect depends on the relative sizes of the income and price elasticities of demand. Oates estimation of these elasticities results in flypaper effects on local spending as an increase in income causes a 0.1 marginal increase and an increase in intergovernmental grant leads to a 0.4 increase. Because of information asymmetry citizens may confu se marginal and average price effects of grants which results in flypaper effects. The use of average instead of marginal prices can create an illusion that results in flypaper effects. The role of bureaucracy has also been given as another explanation for the flypaper effect. Self interested bureaucrats and politicians who aim to maximise the size of their budget are not acting it the interests the local citizens. However there is information asymmetry where the bureaucrats have more information than those in power which they take advantage on when requesting a budget to finance public expenditure. This allows the bureaucrats to spend additional grants received from the central government. To maximise the budget size they request a budget where the cost of provision is equal to benefit of consumption to residents. A specific matching grant to the local government reduces the cost of provision and the cost (price) of the good or service to citizens. According to King (1984) the increase in the bureau’s budget is greater than the amount of grant. For this to explain the flypaper effect the increase in income causes a smaller increase in the budget, and the gra nt should have a higher effect on local spending than the increase in income does. The Romer-Rosenthal model is built in an attempt to explain the role of bureaucrats in the occurrence of flypaper effects where local government spending may differ from what the traditional model predicts (increase in income and a grant having the same effect on spending). In their model increased income leaves local spending levels unchanged. This explains the flypaper effect as an equivalent increase in residents income will increase size of the budget by less than increased spending does. The flypaper effect is seen as an outcome of politics. The econometrics used in the estimations of the flypaper effect is given another reason as to why we observe the effects. Some omitted variables may result in an upward bias of the effect on a grant on local spending. It is argued that altering the variables and parameters used in the estimations should eliminate these effects. Becker (1996) substituted the commonly used linear equation with the logarithmic form which eliminates the evidence of flypaper effects. Other studies conducted altering these estimations still showed evidence of some degree of flypaper effects. Hamilton (1983) explained a significant proportion of the flypaper effects with the inclusion of relevant variables. Wyckoff(1991: 30) study argues that â€Å".. the flypaper effect is unlikely to fade away with the inclusion of these omitted variables†. Other relevant variables excluded include local government’s savings ration and residents expenditure on private sector alternatives. Another argument is the misspecification of the expenditure function due to the exclusion of some variables in the estimates of the flypaper effects such as not taking differing characteristics of localities and government behaviour into account. Or the use of inappropriate variables can result in flypaper effects. However even after taking these factor into account studies still showed evidence of flypaper effects. Not taking into account some of the biases created can also result in flypaper effects. Bruce Hamilton (1983) added to this argument that the underestimation of the propensity to spend on public goods from individual’s private income is also a reason why we observe flypaper effects. Additional explanations as to why the flypaper effects may occur can be due caution from local authorities. Where the local government is unsure about future intergovernmental grants, they would rather spend grants on local public expenditure rather than on tax cuts which may not occur in future years causing voter discontent. Because of the high transaction costs from tax changes, the government finds it more efficient to use the grant to increase local expenditure rather than to increase residents income via tax cuts, which could create a flypaper effect. Conflict between the interests of local citizens and bureaucrats can create flypaper effects.   Flypaper effects may occur because the local government believes that maintaining a high level of public expenditure will result in receiving additional grants. With differences in the estimations of the effect of grants from a number of empirical studies, this may suggest that some of these results overestimate the actual size of the flypaper effect. Where there are errors in the empirical studies, the reliability of the existence of flypaper effects and its size becomes biased. Empirical studies which prove the occurrence of flypaper effects reject the traditional theory of a grant and increased income having the same stimulatory effect on local spending . These empirical results however are flawed due to some statistical or specification error which leads to an overestimation of flypaper effects. There are a number of explanations given for why we observe flypaper effects, but none of these offer a full explanation of this giving only a part explanation of the flypaper effect. Further research into the flypaper effect is required to give a full explanation on it. References Bailey, S. and Connolly, S. The flypaper effect: Identifying areas for further research, Department of Economics, Glasgow Caledonian University, Scotland, U.K., Accepted 31 October 1997. Becker, E. (1996). The Illusion of Fiscal Illusion: Unsticking the Flypaper Effect, Public Choice 86, 1-2, 85-102. Cullis, J and Jones, P. Public Finance and Public Choice, 2nd Edition, Oxford University Press. Dahlberg, M. et al. Local Taxes and spending: Estimating the Flypaper Effect Using a Discontinuous Grant Rule. Inman, R. The Flypaper Effect. Lalvani, M. The Flypaper Effect: Evidence from India. University of Mumbai, Economics. Public Budgeting and Finance, vol 22. Pp 67-88, 200. Mueller, D. Public Choice 3. Cambridge University Press.

College degree Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

College degree - Essay Example One of the core benefits is that I will gain from a college degree is the KSAs associated with it. When an individual attends college he/she is able to develop and polish various significant KSAs that are required to perform various jobs in the corporate world. Some of these KSAs include communication, time management, and interpersonal skills. These skills are developed during the course of a college education. For example, students are awarded several assignments during a particular semester which helps them in learning how to manage their time while working on several assignments within a limited period of time.  One of the core benefits is that I will gain from a college degree is the KSAs associated with it. When an individual attends college he/she is able to develop and polish various significant KSAs that are required to perform various jobs in the corporate world. Some of these KSAs include communication, time management, and interpersonal skills. These skills are develope d during the course of a college education. For example, students are awarded several assignments during a particular semester which helps them in learning how to manage their time while working on several assignments within a limited period of time.  Another major benefit of attaining a college degree is that a college degree increases the probability of an individual to gain employment. Employers nowadays desire to hire those individuals who are ready for the corporate world and its stressful conditions. A college education is a means to which an individual is prepared to meet the stress of working in a particular position and that is why employers give preference to those individuals who have undergone college level education. Adams has reported a study that states that employers are looking forward to hiring 8.6% extra individuals who are college graduates during the period of 2014 as compared to the period of 2013. This clearly depicts that employers are willing to consider c ollege graduates over those who have not attended college.  A third major benefit of gaining a college degree is that it helps in increase living standards.

Accountant in Business Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Accountant in Business - Coursework Example The form of business units will include sole proprietorship, partnership, and limited liability companies. This paper provides information that is relevant to assist the two brothers appropriately. In a business unit there are also motivating factors such as focus, strategy, hard work, honesty, and good communication skills to customers that the investors or entrepreneurs should always embrace. These will always facilitate the core purpose of a business structure that is profit making. This refers to a form of business organization that is owned by a single individual who manages the business, enjoys all the profits, and bears all the losses. Most of the sole proprietorships are small business operations. Most of these business units provide services such as repair, delivery and carpentry. They are always operated in small houses or small offices. Quick decision-making and prompt action - There is always no interference with the thoughts of a sole proprietor from other sectors. The sole proprietor is always in a position to make his or her own decisions without any consultation. This will therefore facilitate fast decision-making and fast action. The maintenance of business top secrets – Some of the sensitive information about the business structure are well known to the owner. He or she is not allowed to disclose any information pertaining the business issues. Apparently, he or she is not allowed to publish the business books of accounts. Unlimited liability – This is always a major problem in sole proprietorship since the owner will always be responsible for all the losses. If the business is unsuccessful, the owner will always to cut the costs by his or her personal assets. Limited capital – At the start of a sole proprietorship, the source of money is always personal besides the amount you borrow. Unfortunately, the amount of money available may be limited to run the business operations smoothly. This may make the entrepreneur to strain in order

An Ancient Tragedy Oedipus King Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

An Ancient Tragedy Oedipus King - Essay Example This is because; it utilizes the universal literary devices in a very effective manner. As will discuss, in this paper. The play is about a young boy, and his parents. The boy’s name is Oedipus. He was the son of a king (Laius). The king finds an oracle, which was predicting the fate of his son. The oracle was foretelling that the king’s life would be taken away by his own son, who would then take over his wife. The son’s sole intention of killing his father was to marry his own mother; due to this, when Oedipus was born, the king tied his legs and discarded him on a mountain, with a hope that nature would take over the role of eliminating him from the world. This was a strategic manner, of preventing the oracle’s prophecy from taking place. Unfortunately, the young boy did not die. He was saved by a shepherd and landed on another king’s palace (King Polybus). Polybus was the king of Corinth. When the shepherd handed him Oedipus, the king took him i n whole heartedly, as he did not have a son of his own. Oedipus grew up believing that Polybus was his real father. However, as time passed, Oedipus began questioning his parentage. He decided to consult with Delphic god and heard some word leading him to Laius. He fled from his foster father’s house. During his flee; he unwillingly murdered his real father. Coincidentally, when he went to Thebes, he answered a riddle correctly. This earned him a ticket to the bereaved king’s house. He took over the kingship and married the king’s wife. They were very successful in life and bore children. However, there came a great calamity in the town. On consulting the oracle, it was realized that he there was blood guiltiness. Oedipus denounced the crime, as he was not aware of it. He puts his foot forward to track the person responsible for the crime. Gradually, the play reveals that Oedipus is the man responsible for his own father’s death. One of the major themes o f this play is the theme of fate. To begin with, the oracle to Laius states clearly Laius’ fate; â€Å" he would demise a victim, at his son’s hands.† (711-714). In addition, Oedipus says â€Å"I was destined to sleep with my mother†¦I was fated to take the life of my father† (791-793). Both oracles show that fate was the determinants of the main characters life, and so they could do nothing about it. The theme of fate and fortune recurs in many parts of the play. For instance, fortune made it possible for Oedipus life to be saved from the mountains. Fate made Oedipus start questioning his parentage and made him flee away from his foster father’s house. The killing of his real father was an act of fate. The manner in which Oedipus came to sleep with his own mother can only be explained by fate. It is also fate that led Oedipus, to his real father’s kingdom. Most incidences in the play are beyond human understanding and can only be expla ined as destiny. Fate is a common theme amongst many Greek writings. The writer of this play was not an exception and utilized this theme perfectly. This theme helps explain things that are beyond human understanding, and hence is considered as a very strong literature device. Another theme of the play is that of freewill. The play reflects that human’s freewill has its own limit. As much as human beings have a desire for things to go according to their own wish, it is not always possible to accomplish this. For

Utilitarianism and Greatest Happiness Essay Example for Free

Utilitarianism and Greatest Happiness Essay Utilitarianism begins with the work of Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832), an English political and social reformer. Educated at Oxford, Bentham eventually headed up a small group of thinkers called the â€Å"Philosophical Radicals. † This group, which included James Mill (father of John Stuart Mill, more on him later), was dedicated to social reform and the promulgation of Bentham’s ideas. Bentham based utilitarian ethics on the so-called â€Å"greatest happiness principle,† an idea originally enunciated by Frances Hutcheson (16941746), one of the founders of the Scottish Enlightenment. Put simply, Bentham believed that the goal of ethics was to promote â€Å"the greatest happiness of the greatest number. † Interestingly enough, Bentham went on to say that happiness consists in experiencing more pleasures than pains. That is, Bentham connects the welfare of the greatest number to a hedonistic view that values pleasure over pain. He then constructed what he termed a â€Å"hedonistic calculus† as an objective measure of the value of various pleasures or pains in terms of such categories as â€Å"intensity, duration, certainty, proximity, productiveness, purity, and extent. † Using such quantitative measures, Bentham felt he could calculate the â€Å"happiness factor† of various proposed courses of action. The action promoting the greatest happiness for the greatest number in a particular situation would be morally best. Notice two things about Bentham’s approach. First, implicit in his argument is the belief that the only way to measure the moral worth of an action is to evaluate its consequences: Will it produce the greatest happiness for the greatest number or not? Whatever does produce the greatest happiness in a particular situation, Bentham claims, will be morally correct. Second, the contrast to Kant could not be more clear. For Kant, the moral worth of an action lies strictly in the motive for taking the action, never its consequences. Only a good will, properly apprehending its duty through use of the categorical imperative and then acting to fulfill that duty, is capable of performing a morally good action. Bentham himself was an ardent political reformer, arguing tenaciously for a number of, what were for the day, radical views, including equality for women, prison reform, decriminalization of homosexuality, and animal rights. The more philosophical development of his ethical ideas fell to his followers, particularly James Mill and, later, Mill’s son John Stuart Mill (1806-1873). The younger Mill, aggressively educated by his father from ages three to fourteen, grew to be one of the 2 great thinkers of the nineteenth century. In the process, John Stuart Mill considerably refined Bentham’s utilitarianism. Writing in his 1861 essay Utilitarianism, Mill modifies Bentham’s view of pleasure and pain. Bentham had sought to distinguish pleasures and pains quantitatively (e. g., more or less intense, more or less in duration, more or less in extent, etc. ). Mill, by contrast, sought to include qualitative features, arguing, for instance, that the experience an intellectual or aesthetic pleasure (like reading a good book) might be more pleasurable than the physical pleasure of something like a good meal. Mill otherwise seeks to defend Bentham’s basic ideas. In doing so, Mill tries to resolve a conflict in Bentham’s thought. This conflict arises because of a difference between Bentham’s account of (1) hedonism for the individual and (2) hedonism as an ethical theory. An individual acts, Bentham says, solely out of a desire for happiness (i. e. , more pleasures than pains). This account could be termed descriptive in that it claims to explain why a person acts. But according to hedonism as an ethical theory, however, the individual should seek â€Å"the greatest happiness of the greatest number. † This view is not descriptive, but normative because it tells what the individual should do. This conflict leads to two problems. The first is obvious: if each individual is motivated to act to attain personal happiness, then why would that person have any concern to promote the welfare of others? The second is more theoretical: How to get from a descriptive theory of how individuals act to a normative theory of why individuals should all seek â€Å"the greatest happiness of the greatest number. † To solve the first problem, Mill introduces the idea of external and internal sanctions. These sanctions serve for Mill as the bridge between the world of the individual and the larger social universal of which we are all a part. External sanctions, for example, are social rules and laws that reward or punish persons for particular actions. Individuals view these sanctions in terms of their potential for pleasure or pain and adjust their future behavior accordingly. Mill’s view of internal sanctions is different. There, he sounds a bit like Hume, arguing that obeying a moral law produces a feeling of pleasure (and disobeying such a law produces a feeling of pain). Such feelings can, in turn, be can be observed to develop (in some people, at least) into a deep sympathy for others, thus illustrating the operation of the â€Å"greatest happiness principle† from within such persons. For such persons, their own happiness may truly depend on the happiness of others, which seems 3 to show that the individual desire for happiness can be reconciled with the theoretical demand that individuals act for the welfare of all. Why such connection might occur in some individuals rather than in others remains a question. At this point, contrasting Mill with Hume is instructive. Mill argues that, as can be observed, individuals develop a sense of pleasure or pain associated with obeying or disobeying moral laws and that, at least for some, those pleasures and pains become the basis for a sympathetic connection with others. Hume argues that such sympathetic connection is natural. By growing up in a human society, we intuitively learn to associate a feeling of moral pleasure with some acts and moral pain with others. Thus, for Hume, sentiment (or the particular feelings associated with moral or immoral acts) is a normal part of human development; whereas, for Mill, internal sanctions—and the role of the â€Å"greatest happiness principle†can be observed in people’s behavior, but a general theory of why people do this is lacking. Another place where a general theory is lacking is in the second problem described above: How to get from a descriptive theory of how individuals act to a normative theory of why individuals should all seek â€Å"the greatest happiness of the greatest number. † Mill argues here that there is no way to prove such a first principle as the â€Å"greatest happiness principle. † Indeed, he says, â€Å"No reason can be given why the general happiness is desirable except that each person, so far as he believes it to be attainable, desires his own happiness. † Since Mill’s time, utilitarianism has been widely debated, and an interesting distinction has emerged between Bentham and Mills theories. For Bentham, what makes an action right depends upon whether it contributes to the greatest happiness of the greatest number. That is, Bentham focuses on the happiness-producing potential of each individual action. We can call this act-utilitarianism. Mill, to some extent, seems to subscribe to this view, but he also at points takes a position we might call rule-utilitarianism. From this viewpoint, the morality of an action does not depend on whether it actually produces the greatest happiness; rather, what counts is whether the rule that the action exemplifies in fact satisfies the need for the greatest happiness of the greatest number. These two forms of utilitarianism continue to be debated by ethicists today. To illustrate the distinction between these two forms of utilitarianism, consider the following case. Suppose that a person unknowingly carried a deadly, highly contagious disease. An act-utilitarian might argue that we would be justified in killing such an individual to protect society from the disease (and thereby promote the greatest 4 happiness of the greatest number). A rule-utilitarian, on the other hand, might point out that the rule or principle involved in such an act (that we might kill someone when we found it in the best interest of the greatest number) should be rejected because it was, in fact, a dangerous rule and could ultimately lead to diminishing the greatest happiness of all. (Incidentally, you may have noticed that the rule-utilitarians position is reminiscent of Kant. ) In conclusion, the utilitarian viewpoint championed by Bentham and refined by John Stuart Mill has come to be one of the two major schools of ethical thought among academic philosophers in the United States and elsewhere. Its major competition, of course, comes from Kant’s deontological ethics. It is worth mentioning as well that utilitarianism has also had a powerful impact outside ethical circles. Remember that Bentham himself was primarily a liberal political reformer, so it is fitting that politics and public policy are also areas in which reasoning about the â€Å"greatest good for the greatest number† continues to widely practiced.